Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that impacts approximately 1 in 36 children and around 2.21% of adults. It is typically characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, along with repetitive behaviors and intense, focused interests. Some individuals with ASD may experience challenges with language or intellectual development, and many are sensitive to sensory input such as light, sound, textures, tastes, or physical contact. The autism spectrum is broad, with different forms and levels of challenges and abilities that may evolve throughout a person's life.

The level and kind of services someone with autism requires depend on their specific situation and may range from minimal to extensive assistance. It is common for those with autism to also face additional physical or mental health issues, such as epilepsy, gastrointestinal disorders, sleep problems, ADHD, anxiety, or depression, which can influence everyday functioning.

Many people with autism and their caregivers make use of complementary health options alongside standard medical treatment to support overall well-being and tackle specific concerns.

Bottom Line

• Treatments for autism often involve a combination of therapy approaches, such as behavioral therapy, speech and occupational therapy, and support to develop social skills. Starting these interventions early in childhood can lead to improved outcomes.

• Certain medications are used to manage symptoms like irritability and aggression in individuals with autism. While two drugs have been approved for this purpose, they may cause side effects such as fatigue and weight gain.

• Many families explore additional therapies, including those based in the arts (music, dance, drama), animal-assisted therapy, acupuncture, massage, yoga, and exercise. Some research shows they can help reduce anxiety, increase social interaction, and improve emotional well-being, although more studies are needed.

• Treatments such as secretin, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, chelation, and antifungal agents lack strong scientific support. These are not approved for autism and may pose health risks if used improperly.

• Small amounts of melatonin have been found helpful for managing sleep disturbances in children with autism. Extended-release versions are usually well tolerated, but any use should be overseen by a healthcare professional due to the need for more data on long-term effects.

• Mindfulness practices are becoming more popular as potential tools to help with emotional control and mental health. Early studies are promising, but larger and more rigorous research is required.

• Therapies involving omega-3 supplements, acupuncture, massage, and oxytocin are under investigation, but evidence for their effectiveness remains unclear. These should be used to supplement—not replace—conventional treatment.

• While some special diets appear to be beneficial for certain individuals, research on dietary intervention effectiveness for autism has not been conclusive. Individuals should be monitored to ensure nutritional needs are met, especially if food selectivity is an issue.

• There is little research and no formal guidelines on the use of cannabis for managing autism symptoms. Some individuals use it for issues like insomnia or anxiety, but careful consideration and professional guidance are crucial due to potential risks.

Safety

• Before trying any dietary supplement or complementary therapy for a child with autism, it is essential to consult a qualified health professional. Most alternative treatments have not been fully studied in children.

• Just because a supplement is labeled "natural" does not mean it is safe. Some may lead to adverse reactions, interact with medications, or be dangerous in high doses or as medication substitutes.

• Specialized diets, such as gluten-free or ketogenic diets, should be approached cautiously. These may carry risks if nutritional balance is not carefully managed under the guidance of a doctor or dietitian.

• Using cannabis carries risks including the possibility of developing cannabis use disorder, especially in teens. Effects may include impaired thinking, decision-making, and academic performance.

• Always collaborate with a healthcare practitioner to evaluate whether a complementary approach is appropriate, especially considering that children may respond uniquely.

For More Information

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Key References

• American Psychiatric Association. What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

• Cheuk DKL, Wong V, Chen WX. Acupuncture for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

• Dietz PM, Rose CE, McArthur D, et al. National and State Estimates of Adults With Autism.

• Esposito M, Mirizzi P, Fadda R, et al. Food Selectivity in Children With Autism.

• Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Autism Spectrum Disorder.

• Hartley M et al. Mindfulness for Individuals With Autism and Their Caregivers.

• Höfer J et al. Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Children With Autism.

• Lee B et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture in Children With Autism.

• Loftus T et al. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapy in Autism.

• Maenner MJ et al. Autism and Developmental Monitoring Network Report.

• Mayer-Benarous H et al. Music Therapy for Children With Autism and Other Conditions.

• Ruan H et al. The Use of Massage as a Therapy in Autism.

• Sefen JAN et al. Benefits of Physical Activity in Managing Autism.

• Sikich L et al. Intranasal Oxytocin for Children With Autism.

• Williams Buckley A et al. Treatment Guidelines for Sleep Issues in Autism.

• Yu Y et al. Evaluation of Diets in Children With Autism.

Other References

• Acosta A et al. Influence of Diet on Developmental Progress in Autistic Children.

• Al-Huseini S et al. Risperidone in Pediatric Autism Treatment.

• Al-Beltagi M. Medical Comorbidities in Autism.

• Alam S et al. The Role of Diet in Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders.

• Beck KB et al. Mindfulness Tools for Adolescents With Autism.

• Brondino N et al. Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Autism.

• Conner CM et al. Emotional Regulation Training in Autism.

• daSilva EAD Junior et al. Cannabis and Its Effects in Autism: Review.

• de Andrade Wobido K et al. Omega-3 Supplements and Autism.

• Doreswamy S et al. Review of Diet, Exercise, and Nutrition in Autism.

• Drüsedau L et al. Group Intervention Focused on Mindfulness in Children With Autism.

• Hourston S et al. Autism and Mind-Body Treatments.

• James S et al. Chelation for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

• Keller A et al. Gluten- and Casein-Free Diets in Autism.

• Klein N, Kemper KJ. Integrative Care for Children With Autism.

• Parker KJ et al. Oxytocin Treatment and Social Challenges in Autism.

• Podgórska-Bednarz J et al. Hyperbaric Oxygen for Youth With Autism.

• Sandbank M et al. Autism Intervention Meta-Analysis for Young Children.

• Semple RJ. Review: Yoga and Mindfulness for Youth With Autism.

• Shahane V et al. Exercise-Based Interventions for Young Adults With Autism.

• Stedman A et al. Representation of Severely Affected Children in Autism Studies.

• Sugimoto Y et al. Aripiprazole Use for Irritability in Children With Autism.

• Thurm A et al. Challenges and Solutions in Autism Research Participation.

• Toscano CVA et al. Exercise and Social Skills Improvement in Autism.

• Vandana P et al. Integrative and Complementary Medicine in Autism Treatment.

• Zisapel N. Safety Considerations of Melatonin Use in Children With Autism.

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This content is informational only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always speak with a healthcare provider when making medical decisions. Mention of specific therapies or products does not imply endorsement.